Gender and International Relations within Asia

Authors

Yusnarida Eka Nizmi, Universitas Riau; Rahmi Yulia, Universitas Riau; Dina Yulianti, Universitas Padjadjaran; Nuriyeni Kartika Bintarsari, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ; Melyana Ratana Pugu, Universitas Cenderawasih ; Umi Oktyari Retnaningsih, Universitas Riau ; Rizki Damayanti, Universitas Paramadina; Umunnisa Hidayati, Universitas Riau ; Dewi Triwahyuni, Universitas Komputer Indonesia (UNIKOM) ; Mustiqowati U. Fithriyyah, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim (UIN Suska) Riau; Suwarti Sari, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani

Keywords:

Gender, International, Relations, Asia

Synopsis

Gender and International Relations within Asia examines how gender shapes contemporary international issues across Asia, from sustainable development and migration to digital governance, security, and environmental sustainability. Through diverse theoretical perspectives and case studies, the book explores gender equality and the SDGs, feminist contributions to global agendas, the gendered impacts of displacement crises, women’s roles in sustainable practices, Islamic perspectives on gender, online gender-based violence, and the challenges faced by women in cross-border regions such as Papua. Written by scholars and researchers from Indonesia, this volume highlights both the progress achieved and the persistent barriers to gender equality in Asia. By bridging gender studies and international relations, the book offers valuable insights into the complex ways gender influences regional and global affairs. This edited volume is an output of the International Gender Class in International Relations in Asian Context, organized by the Department of International Relations, Universitas Riau, with support from the Eurasia Foundation (from Asia).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abu-Lughod, Lila. 2013. Do Muslim Women Need Saving? Harvard University Press.

Aggestam, Karin, Annika Bergman Rosamond, and Elsa Hedling (2024) “The Politics of Feminist Foreign Policy and Digital Diplomacy” Switzerland:Palgrav Macmillan.

Ahmed, Leila. 2021. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Veritas.

Al Jazeera Media Institute. (2025, April 24). Western media's double standards on Muslim women's suffering. https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2934

Asia Justice and Rights. (2019). I am here: Voices of Papuan women. Asia Justice and Rights.

Association for Progressive Communications. (n.d.). Fourth global symposium on technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV). https://www.apc.org/en/event/fourth-global-symposium-technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence-tfgbv

Association of Southeast Asian Nations. (2025). “No means no. Online too”: ASEAN launches regional campaign to end online gender-based violence in partnership with UNFPA. https://asean.org/no-means-no-online-too-asean-launches-regional-campaign-to-end-online-gender-based-violence-in-partnership-with-unfpa/

Azcona, G., Bhatt, A., Encarnacion, J., Plazaola-Castano, J., Seck, P., Staab, S., & Turquet, L. (2020). From insights to action: Gender equality in the wake of COVID-19. UN Women.

Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan Republik Indonesia. (2025, October 28). Pasar Perbatasan Skouw: Simbol persahabatan dan penggerak ekonomi rakyat di ujung timur Indonesia.

Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua. (2025). Gender Inequality Index (GII) 2024 Papua Province. BPS Provinsi Papua.

Baldwin, D. A. (1995). Security studies and the end of the Cold War. World Politics, 48(1), 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1995.0001

Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). Empowered: Popular feminism and popular misogyny. Duke University Press.

Bashevkin, Sylvia (2018) “Women as Foreign Policy Leaders” USA: OXFORD University Press.

Baud, Isa Elisabetta, Basile, Tiina Kontinen and Susanne Von Itter (2017) “Building Development Studies For The New Millennium” Switzerland: Palgrav Macmillan.

Ben-Amar, W., Chang, M., & McIlkenny, P. (2017). Board gender diversity and corporate response to sustainability initiatives: Evidence from the carbon disclosure project. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(2), 369–383.

Berkes, F., & Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: Toward an integrated approach. Society & Natural Resources, 26(1), 5–20.

Blumenthal, M., & Reed, W. (2026, February 24). NED leader cut off in Congress after boasting of 'deploying' 200 Starlinks to Iran amid violence. The Grayzone. https://thegrayzone.com/2026/02/24/ned-leader-cut-off-in-congress-after-boasting-of-deploying-200-starlinks-to-iran-amid-violence/

Bonewit, A., & Shreeves, R. (2015). The gender dimension of climate justice: In-depth analysis. European Parliament.

Brownmiller, S. (1975). Against our will: Men, women and rape. Simon & Schuster.

Brownmiller, S. (1993). Against our will: Men, women and rape. Ballantine Books

Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M., Reus-Smit, C., & True, J. (2005). Theories of international relations (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.

Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.

Buzan, B. (1983). People, states and fear: The national security problem in international relations. Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner.

Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

Chamberlain, G. (2017, November 25). Why climate change is creating a new generation of child brides. The Guardian.

Chotim, E. E. (2018). Perempuan pedagang Papua di wilayah perbatasan. Jurnal Sosiologika, 1(1), 21–32.

Chotim, E. E. (2020). Subsistence economy and the Papuan women trader marginalization in the Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border trade region. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Mamangan, 9(1), 26–38.

Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.

Citron, D. K. (2016). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.

Commission on Human Security. (2003). Human security now: Protecting and empowering people. Commission on Human Security.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, & Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2014). Joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18 on harmful practices (UN Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/31–CRC/C/GC/18). United Nations.

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (2013). General recommendation No. 29 on article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution) (UN Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/29). United Nations.

Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press.

Connell, R., & Pearse, R. (2015). “Gender: In World Perspective.” Cambridge: Polity Press.

Copelon, R. (1994). Surfacing gender: Reconceptualizing crimes against women in time of war. St. John's Law Review, 69(1), 61–112.

Cornwall, Andrea (2007)”Gender Myths and Feminist Fables: The Struggle for Interpretatif Power In Gender and Development.

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

d’Eaubonne, F., & Paisain, J. (1999). What could an ecofeminist society be? Indiana University Press.

Dankelman, I. (2010). Gender, environment and sustainable development: Understanding the linkages. United Nations Development Programme.

Deibert, R. (2013). Black code: Surveillance, privacy, and the dark side of the Internet. Signal.

DeNardis, L. (2015). The global war for Internet governance. Yale University Press.

Dewi, A. P. (2025, August 25). Menteri PPPA minta mama-mama Papua berani bicara bila alami kekerasan. ANTARA News.

Dobson, A. (2007). Green political thought (4th ed.). Routledge.

Dunne, Tim (2013) ”Internasional Relations Theories, dicipline and Divercity: 3rd Editional” United Kingdom: Oxford Press.

Eckersley, R. (2004). The green state: Rethinking democracy and sovereignty. MIT Press.

Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. Capstone Publishing.

Elshtain, J. B. (1987). Women and war. Basic Books.

Enloe, C. (2014). Bananas, beaches and bases: Making feminist sense of international politics (2nd ed.). University of California Press.

Federici, S. (2012). Revolution at point zero: Housework, reproduction and feminist struggle. PM Press.

Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789

Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25/26, 56–80.

Fraser, N. (2013). Fortunes of feminism: From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Verso Books.

Freedom House. (2023). Freedom on the Net 2023: The repression of online freedom in Asia. Freedom House.

Goldblatt, B., & McLean, K. (Eds.). (2011). Women’s social and economic rights: Developments in South Africa. Juta and Company.

Government of the Republic of Korea. (2020). Harsher punishment and stronger protection against digital sex crimes. Korea.net. https://www.korea.net/Government/Briefing-Room/Press-Releases/view?articleId=4488&type=O

Griffit, Martin (2007)”Internasional Relations Theory for Twenty-First Century An Introduction“ London and NewYork: Routledge.

Harding, S. (1986). The science question in feminism. Cornell University Press.

Harding, S. (1991). Whose science? Whose knowledge? Thinking from women’s lives. Cornell University Press.

Hekman, S. (1997). Truth and method: Feminist standpoint theory revisited. Signs, 22(2), 341–365.

Hilbert, M. (2011). Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(6), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001

Hooper, Charlotte. 2001. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics. Columbia University Press.

Hossain, M., Momin, M. A., Rowe, A. L., Quaddus, M., & Parker, L. D. (2017). Women in the boardroom and their impact on climate change related disclosure. Social Responsibility Journal, 13(4), 828–855.

Hulme, D. (2009). The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): A short history of the world’s biggest promise (BWPI Working Paper No. 100). Brooks World Poverty Institute.

Human Rights Watch. (1998). Bosnia and Herzegovina: “A closed, dark place”: Past and present human rights abuses in Foca. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/foca/

Human Rights Watch. (March 27, 2020). South Korea online sexual abuse case illustrates gaps in government response. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/27/south-korea-online-sexual-abuse-case-illustrates-gaps-government-response

International Labour Organization, & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Women at work in G20 countries: Progress and policy action since 2019. Paper prepared for the G20 Employment Working Group.

International Labour Organization. (2018). ILO labour force estimates and projections 2018: Key trends.

International Labour Organization. (2020a). COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses.

International Labour Organization. (2020b). World employment and social outlook 2020: Executive summary.

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. (n.d.). Sexual violence and the triumph of justice. https://www.icty.org/en/outreach/documentaries/sexual-violence-and-triumph-justice

International Telecommunication Union. (2023). Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2023. ITU.

Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2024). Women in parliament report 2024. IPU.

Isin, E. F., & Ruppert, E. (2020). Being digital citizens. Bloomsbury Academic.

Jane, E. A. (2016). Misogyny online: A short (and brutish) history. Sage.

Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464.

Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (2014). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.

Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia. (2025, August 22). Menteri PPPA serap suara mama-mama Papua di garis batas negara. https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/siaran-pers/menteri-pppa-serap-suara-mama-mama-papua-di-garis-batas-negara

Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press.

Keohane, R. O. (1989a). International institutions and state power: Essays in international relations theory. Westview Press.

Keohane, R. O. (1989b). International relations theory: Contributions of a feminist standpoint. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 18(2), 245–253.

Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2012). Power and interdependence (4th ed.). Longman.

Mantilla, K. (2015). Gendertrolling: How misogyny went viral. Praeger.

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2026, March). War on Iran and the folly of regime change. Boston Review. https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/war-on-iran-and-the-folly-of-regime-change/

Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., & Keller, J. (2019). Digital feminist activism: Girls and women fight back against rape culture. Oxford University Press.

Middle East Eye. (2025, August 3). Over 18,500 Palestinians detained by Israel in West Bank since October 2023. https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/over-18500-palestinians-detained-israel-west-bank-october-2023

Middle East Eye. (2026, February 2). How US sanctions and external threats destroyed Iran's economy. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/how-us-sanctions-external-threats-destroyed-irans-economy

Millennium Development Goals Report. (2015). United Nations.

Moghadam, Valentine M. 2013. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. Edisi Ketiga. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Moghadam, Valentine M. 2024. "The Gendered Politics of Iran-U.S. Relations: Sanctions, the JCPOA and Women's Security." Third World Quarterly 45(7): 1199–1218.

Mohanty, C. T. (1988). Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist Review, 30, 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1988.42

Morgenthau, H. J. (2006). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Moyo, Bhekinkosi (2007) “Africa in Global Power Play Debates, Challenges and Potential Reforms” Great Britain: Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd.

Najdi, Y. (2024, September 17). Iran 2 tahun setelah gelombang protes kematian Mahsa Amini. Deutsche Welle Indonesia. https://www.dw.com/id/iran-dua-tahun-setelah-gelombang-protes-kematian-mahsa-amini/a-70235975

Narwani, S. (2022, December 9). Iran: To veil or not to veil. The Cradle. https://thecradle.co/articles-id/1919

National Commission on Violence Against Women. (November 20, 2025). National Commission on Violence Against Women launches a report on the development of KBGO knowledge to strengthen digital safe spaces for women in island regions. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/kabar-perempuan-detail/komnas-perempuan-luncurkan-laporan-pengembangan-pengetahuan-kbgo-untuk-perkuat-ruang-aman-digital-bagi-perempuan-di-wilayah-kepulauan

Neumayer, E., & Plümper, T. (2007). The gendered nature of natural disasters: The impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(3), 551–566.

Nizmi, Y. E., & Yulia, R. (2025). Gender and security in Asian conflicts: Conflict, peacebuilding and post conflict. In A. W. Soetjipto et al. (Eds.), Gendering international relations in the Asian context (pp. 14–27). Sada Kurnia Pustaka.

Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power. PublicAffairs.

Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, gender and society. Temple Smith.

OECD (2021), “Gender and the Environment: Building Evidence and Policies to Achieve the SDGs” Paris: OECD Publishing.

Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. (n.d.). Landmark resolution on women, peace and security. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017a). 2013 OECD recommendation of the council on gender equality in education, employment and entrepreneurship. OECD Publishing.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017b). The pursuit of gender equality: An uphill battle. OECD Publishing.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018a). Bridging the digital gender divide. OECD Publishing.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018b). World inequality report 2018. OECD Publishing.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020a). Aid focused on gender equality and women’s empowerment: A snapshot of current funding and trends over time in support of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. OECD DAC Network on Gender Equality.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020b). How’s life? 2020: Measuring well-being. OECD Publishing.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). Gender and the environment: Building evidence and policies to achieve the SDGs. OECD Publishing.

Osman, Wazhmah & Bajoghli, Narges. 2024. "Decolonizing Transnational Feminism: Lessons from the Afghan and Iranian Feminist Uprisings." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 20(1): 1–22.

Pakasi, U., Faridz, M., Majid, H., & Susilawati, S. (2024). Border governance through local community empowerment: Insights from Indonesia–Papua New Guinea borderline. Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 14(3), 693–711. doi:10.26618/ojip.v14i3.15399

Peterson, V. Spike & Runyan, Anne Sisson. 2010. Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium. Edisi Ketiga. Westview Press.

Petman, J. J. (2005). Gender issues. In J. Baylis & S. Smith (Eds.), The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations (3rd ed., pp. 152–165). Oxford University Press.

Plan International. (2020). Free to be online? Girls’ and young women’s experiences of online harassment. https://plan-international.org/publications/free-to-be-online/

Posetti, J., Aboulez, N., Bontcheva, K., Harrison, J., & Waisbord, S. (2021). Online violence against women journalists: A global snapshot of incidence and impacts. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375136

Posetti, J., Shabbir, N., Maynard, D., Bontcheva, K., & Aboulez, N. (2022). The chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists. UNESCO and International Center for Journalists. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377223

Pratt, Nicola. 2020. Embodying Geopolitics: Generations of Women's Activism in Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon. University of California Press.

Press TV. (2023a, September 18). A death story: One year later. Press TV. https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2023/09/18/711060/A-Death-Story--One-Year-Later

PressTV. (2023b, September 22). Iran's top medical association slams Lancet over 'false' information in 'politically-motivated' article. https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2023/09/22/711306/Iran-top-medical-association-slams-Lancet-article

Pugu, M. R., & Yani, Y. M. (2019). Human security for border society: A case study at Waris community at the borders of RI-PNG. Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies

Republic of Indonesia. (2022a). Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/207944/uu-no-12-tahun-2022

Republic of Indonesia. (2022b). Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/229798/uu-no-27-tahun-2022

Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1 of 2024 on the Second Amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/details/274494/uu-no-1-tahun-2024

Sachs, J. D. (2026, March 2). This illegal US-Israeli attack on Iran is also an assault on the United Nations. Common Dreams. https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/united-nations-israel-us-attack-iran

SAFEnet. (2020). Understanding and addressing online gender-based violence: A guide. Awas KBGO. https://awaskbgo.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/panduan-kbgo-v3.pdf

Said, Edward W. 1978. Orientalism. Pantheon Books.

Sandria, S., et al. (2025). Modul gender dalam hubungan internasional. AIHII Press.

Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2009). Militarization and Violence against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study. Cambridge University Press.

Shepherd, Laura J. & Hamilton, C. (ed.). 2023. Gender Matters in Global Politics: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations. Routledge.

Sjoberg, Laura (ed.). 2010. Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge.

Sjoberg, Laura. 2013. Gendering Global Conflict: Toward a Feminist Theory of War. Columbia University Press

SKALA. (2024). Gender equality, disability and social inclusion strategy. SKALA.

Soesilowati, S., Soetjipto, A. W., & Rachman, J. B. (2023). Teori dan isu gender dalam hubungan internasional. AIHII Press.

Soetjipto, A. W. (2025). Asian feminism: A personal reflection. In A. W. Soetjipto et al. (Eds.), Gendering international relations in the Asian context (pp. 1–13). Sada Kurnia Pustaka.

Soroptimist International. (2008). Reaching out to women when disaster strikes.

Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). University of Illinois Press.

Stone, L. (2015). Women’s participation in peace processes. Council on Foreign Relations Working Paper.

Sweetman, C. (2005). Gender, development and humanitarian work. Oxfam.

Sylvester, C. (1994a). Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era. Cambridge University Press.

Sylvester, C. (1994b). Empathetic cooperation: A feminist method for international relations. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 23(2), 315–334.

Sylvester, C. (2002). Feminist international relations: An unfinished journey. Cambridge University Press.

Syuhudi, M. I. (2020). Dinamika kebangsaan masyarakat perbatasan Indonesia–Papua Nugini di Muara Tami Jayapura. Al-Qalam, 26(2), 281–294.

Taylor, D. E. (2002). Race, class, gender, and American environmentalism. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

Tickner, J. A. (1988). Hans Morgenthau's principles of political realism: A feminist reformulation. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 17(3), 429–440.

Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in international relations: Feminist perspectives on achieving global security. Columbia University Press.

Tickner, J. A. (2001). Gendering world politics: Issues and approaches in the post-Cold War era. Columbia University Press.

Tickner, J. A., & Sjoberg, L. (2011). Feminism and international relations: Conversations about the past, present and future. Routledge.

Tickner, J. Ann. 1992. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. Columbia University Press.

Tickner, J. Ann. 2014. A Feminist Voyage through International Relations. Oxford University Press.

True, J. (2020). The political economy of violence against women. Oxford University Press.

U.S. Department of State. (2023). 2022 Country reports on human rights practices: Iran. https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/iran/

U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2022). Treasury sanctions Iran's morality police and senior security officials for violence against protesters and the death of Mahsa Amini. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0969

U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2023). Treasury sanctions Iranian officials and companies connected to repression in advance of the anniversary of Mahsa "Zhina" Amini's death. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1733

UN Women, & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2019). Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2019.

UN Women. (2020). Gender equality: Women’s rights in review, 25 years after Beijing.

UN Women. (2020). Online violence against women in Asia: A multicountry study. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/12/online-violence-against-women-in-asia

UN Women. (2023). Technology-facilitated violence against women and girls. UN Women.

UN Women. (2024). Facts and figures: Women’s leadership and political participation. UN Women.

UN Women. (2024). Technology-facilitated gender-based violence: Developing a shared research agenda. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2024/09/technology-facilitated-gender-based-violence-developing-a-shared-research-agenda

UN Women. (2024). World survey on the role of women in development 2024. UN Women.

UN Women. (2024, November 21). UN Women calls for increased gender-focused climate finance at COP29.

UN Women. (2025). Repository of UN Women’s work on technology-facilitated violence against women and girls. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2025/03/repository-of-un-womens-work-on-technology-facilitated-violence-against-women-and-girls

UNESCO. (2020). Cracking the code: Girls’ and women’s education in STEM. UNESCO.

United Nations Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory. (2025, March 13). Israel's systematic use of sexual, reproductive and other forms of gender-based violence since 7 October 2023. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-israel-gender-based-violence-13march2025/

United Nations Development Programme. (1994). Human development report 1994. Oxford University Press.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (December 15, 2020). UNESCO’s global survey on online violence against women journalists. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unescos-global-survey-online-violence-against-women-journalists

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (n.d.). Safety of women journalists. https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists/safety-women-journalists

United Nations Population Fund. (2012). Marrying too young: End child marriage.

United Nations Population Fund. (n.d.). Technology-facilitated gender-based violence. https://www.unfpa.org/TFGBV

United Nations Security Council. (2000). Resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security. United Nations.

United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). United Nations.

United Nations. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. Oxford University Press.

United Nations. (2000). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security. United Nations.

United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development.

United Nations. (2025). Women and girls on the frontlines of climate change. United Nations Climate Action.

van Dijk, J. (2020). The digital divide. Polity Press.

Vizard, P., Fukuda-Parr, S., & Elson, D. (2011). The capability approach and human rights. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 12(1), 1–22.

Walt, S. M. (1991). The renaissance of security studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211–239.

Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley.

Working Group on Discrimination against Women in Law and Practice. (2014). Report of the Working Group on Discrimination against Women in Law and Practice (UN Doc. A/HRC/26/39). United Nations.

World Bank Group. (2014). Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity.

World Bank Group. (n.d.). Gender and development. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/knowledge-for-change/brief/gender-and-development.

World Health Organization, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, & South African Medical Research Council. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence.

World Resources Institute Indonesia. (2024). Ibu Bumi Papua: Relasi perempuan adat dengan alam di Tanah Papua. WRI Indonesia.

Yuval-Davis, Nira. 1997. Gender and Nation. SAGE Publications.

Published

July 11, 2026

Details about the available publication format: PDF

PDF

Physical Dimensions